Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are the most common type of kidney stones, and hyperoxaluria is a major risk factor. Although high oxalate levels are closely associated with crystal formation, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study aims to investigate whether the IRF 1/miR 301/CSF 1 signaling axis in renal tubular epithelial cells regulates macrophage polarization and thereby contributes to CaOx crystal formation.